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‘We will use an electron beam writer to manufacture 10,000 quantum-circuit refrigerators, which are tunnel junctions about 100 nanometres in size. We will systematically study which actions improve the quality of the manufacturing process and its uniformity. The revised process may involve new cleaning methods and alternative materials for the tunnel junctions,’ Mikko Möttönen explains.

One of the aims of the cleaning is to prevent unwanted atoms and molecules from entering the junctions and thus changing their properties over time.

‘The options for the cleaning methods include the use of hydrofluoric acid, which can be used to clean the silicon surface very efficiently. It is a rather aggressive method, however, and the junctions and masks used to make the junctions may not be able to withstand it.

Aluminium has been used as a superconductor in the junctions and it does not need to be replaced. Copper has been used, for example, as a normal metal, and a gold-palladium alloy could be tried as an alternative to this.

Mikko Möttönen has received a €2 million ERC Consolidator Grant for the period 2017–2021. Furthermore, the new SCAR project also supports the construction of a domestic quantum ecosystem which includes, for example, Aalto University, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland and a number of companies from the quantum technology sector.

‘The quantum-circuit refrigerator was invented by my group a few years ago, and it has been further developed in other research projects. Our goal is to be able to manage losses extremely precisely and in real time,’ Mikko Möttönen adds.

The study is being carried out by the Quantum Computing and Devices research group, which is part of Quantum Technology Finland (QTF), a national centre of excellence in quantum research. The group uses the national OtaNano research infrastructure for its research.